Will every home soon have a 3D printer?

By John Paterson, Director of Morphotechnics

3D printing is on the rise.

Mashable and Gartner both list it as one of the tech trends and disruptive solutions to watch in 2014.

New uses for 3D printing are being developed every day, transforming our world on a scale that is comparable with the industrial revolution or, the invention of the internet.

Have you considered the major impact 3D printing will have on your tech start-up, company or speed to market with your new product development?

3D printing allows a tech start-up to produce professional quality prototypes of their design at a price they

can afford and in a very short lead time. The low cost of the prototypes allows concept models to be produced at an early stage in the process, to identify potential design improvements. The later prototypes can look and feel like the production parts allowing marketing to get underway before committing to the cost of tooling up for production. This results in getting a better quality product to the market faster and with reduced development costs.

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of creating a solid object from a digital model. The process uses dedicated software to split the digital model into very thin layers which are then laid down (printed) one on top of another and fused together to form the physical object. The precise method of building up these layers depends on the material being used and the end result required.

In the early days of its development 3D printing was used mainly to produce plastic models. These did little more than prove that the technology worked.

Since then engineers and designers around the globe identified and developed a multitude of practical applications where 3D printing is of real value. It has been transformed from an esoteric novelty to an

essential tool in many industries. Specialist 3D printing machines are being produced for specific industries working in a range of materials from chocolate to titanium.

Many have speculated that, in the future, every house will have a 3D printer, which, in true Star Trek fashion, will magically replicate anything they require.

While I would not say that this will never happen, it would certainly not be possible with current technology. The reason is that current 3D printing machines are generally restricted to working in one material at a time with a few high end machines being able to mix a small number of similar materials. So the dream of printing a fully functional piece of electronic equipment, for now, remains just that. If, however you are content to

make little plastic models, there are number of 3D printers available for under £1000. To achieve a professional quality product, however, the investment in hardware would be a great deal more.

Many large companies are choosing to invest in specialist 3D printing equipment that is particularly suited to their industry. The range includes bakeries printing in icing sugar, potteries using ceramic materials and engineering companies making functional components in various plastics and metals
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The scale of the objects being 3D printed is also very wide. At the small end, scientists are working at the cellular level.  One of the world leaders in this field is Dr Will Shu of Heriot-Watt University. Dr Shu with his team has developed a process that allows him to 3D print using lab grown human stem cells to create three dimensional human tissues and structures. He hopes that this will eventually lead to the ability to 3D print entire human organs for transplant.

At the other end of the scale, machines are being developed to go onto building sites to build the structure of entire houses. Aircraft designers anticipate 3D printing complete wings which will be stronger, lighter and more efficient than anything that can be fabricated by traditional methods.

Individuals and small to medium sized companies who cannot justify this investment are turning to specialist 3D printing companies to provide this service.

3D printing software can accept many different input file types including all the industry standard files that can be exported from 3D graphic design packages and 3D CAD packages. Many of the entry level packages are available as free downloads with tutorials in their use freely available on the internet. This means that any creative person with access to a computer can have a go at creating his or her own designs that can then be sent to a specialist for printing.

There are also many types of scanner that can create virtual models for printing. Surface scanners are used to replicate existing objects such as historical artefacts and to reverse engineer machine components. CT and MRI scanners are widely used to create models for use by medical professionals.

With new uses for 3D printing being developed every day, it is transforming our world on a scale that is comparable with the industrial revolution or the invention of the internet.

John Paterson is a Director of Morphotechnics a local 3D printing contractor based in Falkirk.

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Universities and SMEs - finding common ground

By Marion Anderson, Encompass Project Manager, University of Glasgow

The challenges of bringing SMEs and Universities together are many and varied, but if you put in the time and effort to understand what the company needs, what academics can offer and build the right relationship, it is well worth the effort.

We know that Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) are extremely important to our economy. At the start of 2013 in Scotland:

• There were 340,840 SMEs
• SMEs employed around 1.1 million people.
• SMEs accounted for 99.3% of all private sector businesses,  54.7% of private sector employment and 36.7% of private sector turnover.

We also know that Universities and Businesses working together is a ‘good thing’ as it can lead to new products and services, improvements in processes and new jobs.

Traditionally Universities and large businesses have worked well together so the focus from funders has been on increasing successful interactions with SMEs.

The Encompass project is an SME-focused initiative and is a partnership of the universities of Glasgow,

Aberdeen, Stirling and Strathclyde.  We work with Scottish SMEs to help increase their levels of innovation. To date we have helped over 350 companies; collaborated on more than 55 research and technology development projects; completed 14 new licensing deals with SMEs; and helped 13 new businesses set-up.

What have we learnt?

A key lesson has been the limitations of ‘one-size-fits-all' initiatives.  All businesses are not alike and should not be treated as such; they have their own priorities and face their own unique challenges. Universities may be able to help address some of those challenges but that means getting to know the company, understanding where they are, where they want to go and the obstacles that they face in getting there. You have to do the ground work and this takes time. It is only once you really understand the company and have built a relationship with them that you can start looking for the right academic to help them reach their goals.

It shouldn’t be a one-sided relationship either; the academic should get something worthwhile out of the engagement too. From my experience, and many years of working at the SMEs/academic interface, it is clear that an academic will only become involved in a project if they have a genuine interest in the area being investigated and feel they have the appropriate level of expertise to help find the right solution. If there isn’t a common research interest then it is just contract research and less likely to appeal.

One thing that we do have to be wary of is managing expectations. Academic engagement is about solving problems and technical challenges and not building prototypes. A University may be able to test the feasibility and validity of an idea but we cannot accredit products, give warranties or accept liability if things don’t work as well as anticipated. We have to also be careful of not being viewed as a cheap alternative to a commercial solution and we can’t be seen to be displacing other SMEs in the marketplace, there’s a lot to think about!

Managing expectations on both sides is key to building a lasting relationship and building trust takes time. The pace in academia is not generally aligned to that faced in industry – there are competing priorities. Most academics who are involved in collaborative opportunities with industry are usually also managing a teaching and research workload. SMEs face their own time pressures, keeping their business afloat while trying to get new products and services to market can be a real challenge and often has to happen within a short timeframe.  Workflows and cash flow can also be a major issue and both sides need to be clear on what is required and whether it is possible within the confines of time and funding available.

I have heard many stories of SMEs thinking that Universities will try to exploit or even steal their Intellectual Property (IP). This can, understandably, be an area of major concern for SMEs and most want to retain full ownership of all IP in order to attract future funding.

There will be some cases where Universities are bringing expertise without which the company would be unable to move forward, in those instances an IP agreement will have to be reached but this takes place

before any work starts so everyone knows where they stand.

Over the last few years the university sector has tried to address IP concerns by developing common approaches to licensing agreements, making them shorter and easier to work with. In 2010 the University of Glasgow launched Easy Access IP. By offering portfolios of free intellectual property we hoped to provide a fast-track route for the transfer of knowledge and expertise from our universities to industry. Easy Access IP has now been adopted by over 20 institutions worldwide and every Scottish University, as part of their funding agreement, has implemented some form of Easy Access IP.

Building relationships between academic communities and SMEs can be challenging but we all have good examples of relationships that have worked well and companies who continue to work with academic groups many years after that first interaction. We need to make sure that those examples are shared and celebrated.

See who is innovating - read our Encompass case studies.

Email Marion Anderson