Is anyone asking what happens to water quality when a forest is cleared to accommodate a windfarm?

Yes, says Dr John McAleese, Business Partnerships Manager, University of Glasgow

There are a vast number of complex issues associated with water quality, scarcity and distribution. As we organise the water-related research at the University into a more strategic, structured and industry relevant way, our aim is to bring state-of-the-art science to bear on developing new technologies while also reaching out beyond traditional water engineers to involve the molecular microbiology, nanotechnology and the synthetic biology communities.

Gaining an understanding of the key drivers in the busy water research & development space has helped facilitate the gathering of expertise from across the campus, because the skill set needed isn’t restricted to any particular College or School.

We are now represented under the collective identity of ‘Water@Glasgow’, with three broad themes:

• Water Technologies
• Water & the Environment
• Water Governance & Economics. 

The latter two themes are fascinating enough, encompassing as they do topics such as the transport and fate of emerging contaminants (like microplastics), the role of international law in the management of

transboundary aquifers and water as a “human right” and questions such as what happens to water quality when you clear a forest to accommodate a windfarm.

I will limit this piece to some of the more exciting aspects in the water technologies space, where far greater coordination between businesses and universities will ultimately be required to drive the provision of sustainable, affordable and fresh drinking water for everyone.

Businesses will see collaboration opportunities emerge as attempts are made to address high priority issues.
As the drive for more sophisticated, less labour-intensive methodology continues to grow, huge opportunities for sensor manufacturers, for example, to engage in monitoring water quality will arise.

Critical factors such as water turbidity, pH and chlorine levels need to be monitored to maintain and control

the process of passing water through a water treatment works, through large pipe networks (more on those pipes later!) before providing safe drinking water at your tap.

Alternatives to chemical and energy intensive water technologies that currently serve dense urban populations or geographically dispersed small rural populations is another priority area. Centralised approaches do not favor half of the World’s population either. Can we deliver decentralised (water and wastewater) systems powered by local and renewable energy sources that are efficient at resource recovery and reuse? It’s an important question and one we are seeking to address.

It is estimated that within 25 years, water demand in many countries will exceed supply by an estimated 40%, with one-third of humanity having half the water required for life's basics. At the moment, half of Scotland’s water supply and treatment facilities serve a fraction of the population in small rural communities.
In Scotland, Scottish Water is a statutory corporation providing all the water and sewerage services.

Accountable to the public through Scottish Government, Scottish Water is also the prime mover at the centre of Scottish Government’s “Hydro Nation” agenda, a drive towards sustainable, integrated water management, a low carbon economy and a method of delivering domestic and international growth.

Huge savings could be made in the way that Scotland delivers clean water with current estimates suggesting that Scottish Water use more than 5% of the domestic electricity supply providing that clean water

. Transforming the economics of wastewater treatment using new approaches to microbial ecology could go some way to addressing this.

The University of Glasgow has been in the vanguard of a new approach to manage, manipulate and optimise the action of anaerobic microbial communities which could help address the domestic issue with the exciting prospect of accelerated adoption in developing countries too. Also aerobic wastewater treatment technologies (where clean water is removed and biogas extracted) hold promise and will inevitably need industrial input to fully realise the potential.

Back to those pipes! Would you believe Scotland experiences the loss of 548M litres of water daily due to leaks alone? That’s 30% of the treated water getting lost from what I understand to be 30,000 miles of aging pipeline infrastructure. What if the pipes could be re-sealed using microbial technology? Microbial mineral plugging has previously been used to plug pores in rock using bacterially precipitated minerals but we are now developing the technique as a means of re-sealing pipes as well.

We are ambitious but we won’t be able to bring our plans to fruition in isolation - delivering our solutions to water engineering problems will require industrial collaboration. Strategic partnerships with industry and the end-users of research is a key priority for the University to achieve impact that is not just economic but societal too.

Water@glasgow website

Email Dr John McAleese

Will every home soon have a 3D printer?

By John Paterson, Director of Morphotechnics

3D printing is on the rise.

Mashable and Gartner both list it as one of the tech trends and disruptive solutions to watch in 2014.

New uses for 3D printing are being developed every day, transforming our world on a scale that is comparable with the industrial revolution or, the invention of the internet.

Have you considered the major impact 3D printing will have on your tech start-up, company or speed to market with your new product development?

3D printing allows a tech start-up to produce professional quality prototypes of their design at a price they

can afford and in a very short lead time. The low cost of the prototypes allows concept models to be produced at an early stage in the process, to identify potential design improvements. The later prototypes can look and feel like the production parts allowing marketing to get underway before committing to the cost of tooling up for production. This results in getting a better quality product to the market faster and with reduced development costs.

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of creating a solid object from a digital model. The process uses dedicated software to split the digital model into very thin layers which are then laid down (printed) one on top of another and fused together to form the physical object. The precise method of building up these layers depends on the material being used and the end result required.

In the early days of its development 3D printing was used mainly to produce plastic models. These did little more than prove that the technology worked.

Since then engineers and designers around the globe identified and developed a multitude of practical applications where 3D printing is of real value. It has been transformed from an esoteric novelty to an

essential tool in many industries. Specialist 3D printing machines are being produced for specific industries working in a range of materials from chocolate to titanium.

Many have speculated that, in the future, every house will have a 3D printer, which, in true Star Trek fashion, will magically replicate anything they require.

While I would not say that this will never happen, it would certainly not be possible with current technology. The reason is that current 3D printing machines are generally restricted to working in one material at a time with a few high end machines being able to mix a small number of similar materials. So the dream of printing a fully functional piece of electronic equipment, for now, remains just that. If, however you are content to

make little plastic models, there are number of 3D printers available for under £1000. To achieve a professional quality product, however, the investment in hardware would be a great deal more.

Many large companies are choosing to invest in specialist 3D printing equipment that is particularly suited to their industry. The range includes bakeries printing in icing sugar, potteries using ceramic materials and engineering companies making functional components in various plastics and metals
.
The scale of the objects being 3D printed is also very wide. At the small end, scientists are working at the cellular level.  One of the world leaders in this field is Dr Will Shu of Heriot-Watt University. Dr Shu with his team has developed a process that allows him to 3D print using lab grown human stem cells to create three dimensional human tissues and structures. He hopes that this will eventually lead to the ability to 3D print entire human organs for transplant.

At the other end of the scale, machines are being developed to go onto building sites to build the structure of entire houses. Aircraft designers anticipate 3D printing complete wings which will be stronger, lighter and more efficient than anything that can be fabricated by traditional methods.

Individuals and small to medium sized companies who cannot justify this investment are turning to specialist 3D printing companies to provide this service.

3D printing software can accept many different input file types including all the industry standard files that can be exported from 3D graphic design packages and 3D CAD packages. Many of the entry level packages are available as free downloads with tutorials in their use freely available on the internet. This means that any creative person with access to a computer can have a go at creating his or her own designs that can then be sent to a specialist for printing.

There are also many types of scanner that can create virtual models for printing. Surface scanners are used to replicate existing objects such as historical artefacts and to reverse engineer machine components. CT and MRI scanners are widely used to create models for use by medical professionals.

With new uses for 3D printing being developed every day, it is transforming our world on a scale that is comparable with the industrial revolution or the invention of the internet.

John Paterson is a Director of Morphotechnics a local 3D printing contractor based in Falkirk.

Email John Paterson

Universities and SMEs - finding common ground

By Marion Anderson, Encompass Project Manager, University of Glasgow

The challenges of bringing SMEs and Universities together are many and varied, but if you put in the time and effort to understand what the company needs, what academics can offer and build the right relationship, it is well worth the effort.

We know that Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) are extremely important to our economy. At the start of 2013 in Scotland:

• There were 340,840 SMEs
• SMEs employed around 1.1 million people.
• SMEs accounted for 99.3% of all private sector businesses,  54.7% of private sector employment and 36.7% of private sector turnover.

We also know that Universities and Businesses working together is a ‘good thing’ as it can lead to new products and services, improvements in processes and new jobs.

Traditionally Universities and large businesses have worked well together so the focus from funders has been on increasing successful interactions with SMEs.

The Encompass project is an SME-focused initiative and is a partnership of the universities of Glasgow,

Aberdeen, Stirling and Strathclyde.  We work with Scottish SMEs to help increase their levels of innovation. To date we have helped over 350 companies; collaborated on more than 55 research and technology development projects; completed 14 new licensing deals with SMEs; and helped 13 new businesses set-up.

What have we learnt?

A key lesson has been the limitations of ‘one-size-fits-all' initiatives.  All businesses are not alike and should not be treated as such; they have their own priorities and face their own unique challenges. Universities may be able to help address some of those challenges but that means getting to know the company, understanding where they are, where they want to go and the obstacles that they face in getting there. You have to do the ground work and this takes time. It is only once you really understand the company and have built a relationship with them that you can start looking for the right academic to help them reach their goals.

It shouldn’t be a one-sided relationship either; the academic should get something worthwhile out of the engagement too. From my experience, and many years of working at the SMEs/academic interface, it is clear that an academic will only become involved in a project if they have a genuine interest in the area being investigated and feel they have the appropriate level of expertise to help find the right solution. If there isn’t a common research interest then it is just contract research and less likely to appeal.

One thing that we do have to be wary of is managing expectations. Academic engagement is about solving problems and technical challenges and not building prototypes. A University may be able to test the feasibility and validity of an idea but we cannot accredit products, give warranties or accept liability if things don’t work as well as anticipated. We have to also be careful of not being viewed as a cheap alternative to a commercial solution and we can’t be seen to be displacing other SMEs in the marketplace, there’s a lot to think about!

Managing expectations on both sides is key to building a lasting relationship and building trust takes time. The pace in academia is not generally aligned to that faced in industry – there are competing priorities. Most academics who are involved in collaborative opportunities with industry are usually also managing a teaching and research workload. SMEs face their own time pressures, keeping their business afloat while trying to get new products and services to market can be a real challenge and often has to happen within a short timeframe.  Workflows and cash flow can also be a major issue and both sides need to be clear on what is required and whether it is possible within the confines of time and funding available.

I have heard many stories of SMEs thinking that Universities will try to exploit or even steal their Intellectual Property (IP). This can, understandably, be an area of major concern for SMEs and most want to retain full ownership of all IP in order to attract future funding.

There will be some cases where Universities are bringing expertise without which the company would be unable to move forward, in those instances an IP agreement will have to be reached but this takes place

before any work starts so everyone knows where they stand.

Over the last few years the university sector has tried to address IP concerns by developing common approaches to licensing agreements, making them shorter and easier to work with. In 2010 the University of Glasgow launched Easy Access IP. By offering portfolios of free intellectual property we hoped to provide a fast-track route for the transfer of knowledge and expertise from our universities to industry. Easy Access IP has now been adopted by over 20 institutions worldwide and every Scottish University, as part of their funding agreement, has implemented some form of Easy Access IP.

Building relationships between academic communities and SMEs can be challenging but we all have good examples of relationships that have worked well and companies who continue to work with academic groups many years after that first interaction. We need to make sure that those examples are shared and celebrated.

See who is innovating - read our Encompass case studies.

Email Marion Anderson

2014 - it's all about MOBILE FIRST - or is it?

I was asked if I had Nomophobia this morning says Lynda Nicolson, Marketing Manager of Encompass.   

‘Nomophobia? Don’t think so, no, not me’, I said, shaking my head, even though I don’t actually know what it is.

Nomophobia.

The fear of losing mobile signal, running out of battery or losing sight of your phone.

Oh yes, I do have that.  Anyone else?  I know a few of the Encompass team members do.

Alienation Digital held a really useful business breakfast this week in Glasgow.  It’s all about Mobile this year you know, and after seeing some of the figures they presented, I see mobile devices will change the way we do business.  Thanks to David Johnstone @alienation for the figures.  

Have a look at some of our behaviours:

• The average consumer checks their phone 34 times a day.   I’m guilty of this, are you?
• Consumers pick up their phones ‘when they have time to kill’.  Guilty again.
• Consumers pick up their phones as soon as they hear a notification.  Guilty.
• 91% of adults have their phone at arms length 24/7.    And guilty.

And have a look at the facts and figures:

• 91% of the world’s population own a mobile.  56% of these own a smartphone.  
•       In 2013, SALES made via mobiles more than doubled to an incredible £8.2billion – this is
        18% of the total UK e-commerce sales.

And the scary stuff:

• South Korea is now investing in a 5G network. So by 2020 we’ll be downloading a full
        length movie on a mobile in 1 second. Read more here.
• “Teenagers would rather lose their pinkie than their phone”. 
        What?  See Huffington Post article for more on that. 

So the facts are all there, but does that mean we all have to spend money urgently so that our websites are optimised for mobile?
   
“Not always”, says David Johnstone of Alienation Digital, “As with any digital project, start with the behaviour and needs of your users.  Always put users’ needs first and also explore where your sales or enquiries come from.  If you are in the business-to-business sector and all communication is office-to-office, there’s no huge need for a mobile platform, instead ensure that the users get the best desktop experience to suit their needs.  Once you have your user goals and content in place, then you can decide whether you need a mobile platform.”

So there we have it.  2014 is all about mobile, but like all new technology and social media opportunities, only if your customers drive it. 

Alienation's advice: “Think USER-first rather than Mobile-first".

Lynda Nicolson
Encompass Marketing & Online Community Manager
@lynda_encompass

Encompass is a partnership of the Universities of Glasgow, Strathclyde, Aberdeen and Stirling.